Intelligence: The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Factor Analysis: A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items ona test
Howard Gardner came up with the concept of multiple intelligence
- Visual/Spatial
- Verbal/Linguistic
- Logical/Mathematical
- Bodily/Kinesthetic
- Musical/Rhythmic
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Natural
Sternberg's 3 aspects of intelligence
- Analytical: Academic problem solving
- Creative: Generating novel ideas
- Practical: Required for everyday tasks where multiple solutions exist
Emotional Intelligence: The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
Small +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores
+.44 correlation with brain size and IQ score
Higher performing brains use less glucose that lower performing brains, and their neurological speed is a bit quicker
Mental Age: What a person of a particular age should know
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS): Consists of 11 sub tests and cues us in to strengths by using factor analysis
Aptitude Test: A test designed to predict a person's future performance
Achievement Test: A test designed to assess what a person has learned
Tests must be standardized, reliable, and valid
Standardization: The test must be pre-tested to a representative sample of people and form a normal distribution or bell curve
Reliability: The extent to which a test yields consistent results over time
Validity: The extent to which a test measures what is is suppose to measure
- Content Validity; does the test sample a behavior of interest
- Predictive Validity; does the test predict future behavior
Language and Thought
Language: Our spoken, written or gestured words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
Phonemes: The smallest distinctive sound unit
Morphemes: The smallest unit that carries meaning
Grammar: A system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate and understand others
Semantics: The set of rules by which we derive meaning in a language
Syntax: The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
Language Development
- Babbling Stage: Starting at 3-4 months, the infant makes spontaneous sounds
- One-word stage: 1-2 years, uses one word to communicate meanings
- Two-word Stage: Age 2, uses two words to communicate meanings-called telegraphic speech
Skinner thought that we can explain language development through social learning theory
Chomsky-Inborn Universal Grammar
- We have this learning box inside our heads that enable us to learn any human language
Worf's Linguistic Relativity: The idea that language determines that way we think
We think in words, but more often we think in mental pictures
Thinking
Concepts: A mental groouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototypes: A mental image or best example of a category
Algorithms: A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
Heuristics: A rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgement and solve problems efficiently
Insight: A sudden and often realization of the solution to a problem
Confirmation Bias: The tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
Fixation: The inability to see a problem from a new perspective
Mental Set: A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially if it has worked in the past
Functional Fixedness: The tendency to think only in terms of their usual functions
Types of Heuristsics (That often lead to errors)
- Representative Heuristics: A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match our prototype; can cause us to ignore important information
- Availability Heuristics: Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory; we may presume it to be common
- Overconfidence: The tendency to be more confident then correct
- Framing: The way an issue is posed
- Belief Bias: The tendency for one's preexisting belief's to distort logical reasoning; sometimes making invalid conclusion
- Belief Perseverance: Clinging to your initial conceptions after the cases on which they were formed has been discredited
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